In this conceptual paper, ML Cobb and colleagues explore the limitations and opportunities of physiological measurement in assessing canine welfare. They argue that while cortisol has been widely used as an index of stress in dogs, its construct validity—the degree to which it accurately represents welfare—is questionable when used in isolation. Cortisol fluctuations can be influenced by numerous factors unrelated to emotional distress, including physical exertion, metabolic changes, and individual variability.
The authors propose expanding welfare evaluation through a systems-based framework that integrates multiple physiological measures. These include heart rate variability (HRV), oxidative stress markers, and other biological indicators that reflect both positive and negative experiences. By combining such data with behavioral observations and contextual information, researchers can develop a more holistic understanding of the dog’s lived experience.
Cobb et al. emphasize the importance of accounting for age, body weight, breed, and sex in interpreting physiological data, as these factors can substantially alter baseline values and responses. They also highlight the need for transparent reporting and the adoption of non-invasive collection methods to ensure both scientific accuracy and animal welfare during studies.
Ultimately, the authors call for an evolution in welfare science—one that moves beyond single-variable markers toward integrative, evidence-based practices. This shift would allow researchers, veterinarians, and welfare specialists to better identify both distress and well-being in dogs, enabling interventions that improve quality of life. Cobb et al. advocate for continued methodological refinement and interdisciplinary collaboration to establish reliable, multi-system indicators of canine welfare.
Source: Cobb, M., Jimenez, A., & Dreschel, N. (2025). Beyond Cortisol! Physiological Indicators of Welfare for Dogs: Deficits, Misunderstandings and Opportunities. Published February 17, 2025.
