Published in Scientific Reports, this study by Hannah E. Flint and colleagues examined how various behavioral and physiological markers correspond to dogs’ emotional experiences. While many studies have focused on negative states like fear and anxiety, this research addressed a critical gap—how to accurately measure positive emotions such as calmness and happiness in dogs.
The research involved 60 dogs living at a research facility, each exposed to six controlled 10-minute scenarios designed to elicit differing emotional valence (positive or negative) and arousal (high or low). Using a cross-over design, the team recorded multiple welfare indicators including heart rate, cortisol levels, adrenocorticotropic hormone, secretory immunoglobulin A, panting, whining, and posture. They also incorporated a Qualitative Behavioural Assessment (QBA)—a human-coded measure of emotional expression through body language and demeanor.
The results showed that cortisol, panting, whining, and body shaking increased under high-arousal negative states, such as fear or frustration. In contrast, activity levels, ear temperature, and sitting were associated with positive, high-arousal states, possibly reflecting engagement or excitement. Notably, QBA scores correlated strongly with both emotional valence and arousal, making them one of the most reliable indicators of positive emotion.
Flint and colleagues emphasize that no single parameter fully represents emotional state. Instead, researchers and practitioners should employ a combination of behavioral and physiological measures. The study also warns of factors that may influence outcomes, such as environmental temperature, exercise, and human bias during behavioral coding.
By refining the tools used to interpret dogs’ emotional responses, this research contributes to more evidence-based welfare assessments. Understanding how dogs express both pleasure and discomfort helps caretakers, veterinarians, and researchers create environments that support emotional well-being alongside physical health.
Source: Flint, H. E., Weller, J. E., Parry-Howells, N., Ellerby, Z., McKay, S. L., & King, T. (2024). Evaluation of indicators of acute emotional states in dogs. Scientific Reports, 14. Published March 17, 2024.
