Over recent decades, the concept of purebred dogs has come under increasing scrutiny. Concerns about inherited health problems, extreme conformation, and behavioral challenges have pushed researchers and policymakers to reconsider traditional breeding systems. In a 2025 review, Proschowsky et al. provide a thorough overview of emerging trends and their implications for the welfare of companion dogs.
The review identifies several major developments:
- Diminished influence of traditional kennel clubs as more dogs are sold without pedigrees.
- Increasing legal restrictions on dog breeding practices.
- Growing popularity of designer breeds and mixed-breed dogs.
- Public enthusiasm for the supposed health benefits of crossbreeding.
However, the authors caution against assuming that mixed-breed or designer dogs are automatically healthier. These dogs, too, can suffer from significant health and behavioral issues. Conversely, purebred dogs offer predictability in traits such as body size, coat type, grooming needs, and known disorder profiles, which can contribute to more successful human-dog relationships.
According to the review, the optimal future of dog breeding lies in a middle ground. Breed registries should be re-opened, breed standards revised to avoid extreme conformations, and health-focused selection promoted. Kennel and breed clubs—or their successors—must prioritize health, welfare, and behavior over aesthetics. By shifting focus from appearance to functionality and well-being, the organized dog world can ensure a more sustainable and ethical future for companion dogs.
Source: Proschowsky, H., Arendt, M. L., Bonnett, B. N., Bruun, C. S., Czycholl, I., Fredholm, M., O’Neill, D., Serpell, J., & Sandøe, P. (2025). A new future for dog breeding. Animal Welfare, 34. Published January 13, 2025.
