Scott and Marston (1950) conducted one of the earliest systematic studies on the development of social behavior in dogs. Their work at the Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory investigated how heredity and environment interact in shaping canine behavior, with a focus on identifying sensitive developmental windows.
The researchers found that puppies go through critical periods—specific stages during which their experiences have disproportionate influence on future behavior. Environmental exposure during these windows could lead to either well-adjusted or maladaptive social outcomes. For example, puppies deprived of normal social contact during these stages were more likely to develop fearfulness, poor adaptability, or abnormal social patterns.
Importantly, Scott and Marston concluded that dog–human social relationships mirror dog–dog interactions, and that one form of social bond between dogs and people closely resembles a parent–offspring relationship. This insight laid the foundation for understanding how timing of early experiences shapes the enduring strength of the dog–human bond.
This pioneering work influenced decades of research on socialization periods in dogs and continues to guide training, rearing, and welfare practices today.
Source: Scott, J. P., & Marston, M. (1950). Critical periods affecting the development of normal and mal-adjustive social behavior of puppies. Journal: The Journal of Genetic Psychology, Volume 77(1), Pages 25–60. Publication Date: 1950-09-01. Authors: John Paul Scott, M. Marston. References: 28. Citations: 147.
