Neutering is one of the most common veterinary procedures worldwide, often recommended as part of responsible pet ownership. In some regions, it is even mandatory by law. Arroube and Pereira (2025) provide a comprehensive review of the scientific literature, highlighting that the decision to neuter should not be universal but carefully tailored to each dog’s context.
The review found that while neutering can reduce certain undesirable behaviors—especially in male dogs—it may also increase the risk of fear, anxiety, and panic responses. These outcomes reflect the deep interconnections between sex hormones and other regulatory systems, including cortisol, oxytocin, dopamine, and serotonin. Breed, sex, and demographic factors further complicate the effects.
From a health perspective, neutering may help prevent some reproductive-related disorders but has also been associated with an increased risk of other conditions, including joint problems and certain cancers, depending on the breed and timing of the procedure.
The authors argue that decisions about neutering should be individualized, balancing both behavioral and physical health outcomes. They also suggest exploring alternative surgical methods for gonad removal that may better preserve hormonal balance while addressing population control and health concerns.
Ultimately, the review emphasizes the importance of informed, case-by-case decision-making supported by veterinarians, rather than a one-size-fits-all approach to neutering.
Source: Arroube, A., & Pereira, A. (2025). Dog Neuter, Yes or No? A Summary of the Motivations, Benefits, and Harms, with Special Emphasis on the Behavioral Aspect. Animals, 15. Published April 1, 2025.
