Published in Veterinary Sciences, the study by R. Cocco, F. Arfuso, M. Rizzo, and colleagues examined how early adoption timing influences long-term canine behavior. Early social experiences—including maternal care, sibling interaction, and environmental exposure—play a critical role in shaping emotional regulation and coping strategies.
Canine developmental stages include a crucial socialization window between 3 and 12 weeks. Adoption that occurs too early may interrupt natural learning processes, leading to heightened vulnerability to stress, fear, and social challenges later in life. To investigate these effects, the researchers analyzed behavioral data from 107 dogs in Sardinia, grouped by adoption age (≤1 month, ≤2 months, 3 months, and ≥4 months).
Findings showed that dogs adopted at ≤1 month or ≤2 months displayed significantly higher levels of fear, anxiety, and attachment and attention-seeking behaviors as adults. These dogs were more likely to exhibit exaggerated emotional responses, difficulty coping with novelty, and stronger dependence on their guardians.
In contrast, dogs adopted at 3 months or later showed fewer behavioral issues, reflecting the benefits of allowing puppies to complete critical early social development with their mother and littermates. The authors stress that adequate exposure during the sensitive socialization phase strongly influences resilience and emotional stability.
The study highlights the need for owner education, responsible breeding practices, and behavioral assessment at adoption. Appropriate timing can reduce the likelihood of fear-based behaviors, anxiety disorders, and abandonment driven by preventable challenges.
Source: Cocco, R., Arfuso, F., Rizzo, M., et al. (2025). The Puppies’ Age at Adoption Time Influences the Behavioral Responses of Adult Dog. Veterinary Sciences. Published February 1, 2025.
