Obesity in dogs and cats has reached levels comparable to the human population, with an estimated 30%–40% of pets classified as overweight or obese. This widespread condition is not merely a matter of excess weight; it is closely linked to a range of secondary health problems. In dogs, obesity contributes to osteoarthritis, renal disease, dermatological problems, insulin resistance, and neoplasia. In cats, it is strongly associated with diabetes mellitus, urolithiasis, neoplasia, and dermatological disorders.
The review emphasizes that although obesity affects both species, the underlying biological mechanisms differ. Distinctions in the hormonal milieu governing appetite-regulating behaviors—specifically orexigenic and anorexigenic signaling—play a significant role in shaping species-specific risks and outcomes. Adipose tissue is also highlighted as a metabolically active endocrine organ that secretes hormones and inflammatory mediators, thereby influencing systemic health far beyond simple fat storage.
Understanding the pathogenesis of obesity requires examining the interplay of hormonal regulation, metabolic pathways, and environmental factors such as diet composition, feeding practices, and physical activity. Because obesity substantially increases morbidity, the review underscores clinical management as a central component of veterinary care. Effective intervention involves tailored nutritional plans, structured weight-loss programs, adjustments in feeding behavior, and regular monitoring to support sustainable weight reduction.
The authors note that combating this increasingly prevalent disease requires both preventive strategies and individualized treatment protocols. By recognizing obesity as the number one disease affecting companion animals, veterinarians can enhance quality of life and long-term health outcomes for dogs and cats.
Source: Loftus, J., & Wakshlag, J. (2014). Canine and feline obesity: a review of pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical management. Veterinary Medicine. Published December 30, 2014.
