Published in the journal Animals, Ian R. Dinwoodie and colleagues conducted a large-scale retrospective study exploring whether training dogs during different pre-adolescent stages (1–3 months, 4 months, 5–6 months) influences behavioral outcomes in adulthood. While early training is often assumed to be superior, few studies have systematically examined whether timing within the first six months delivers distinct advantages.
Through survey data from 641 owners across 1023 dogs, the authors examined both training participation and age of acquisition. They found that dogs trained at six months of age or younger showed reduced odds of aggression (0.71), compulsive behavior (0.64), destructive tendencies (0.60), and excessive barking (0.68) compared to untrained dogs. Additionally, acquiring dogs before 12 weeks of age reduced the likelihood of fear/anxiety and destructive behavior.
Dinwoodie and his team emphasized that while timing within the first six months did not show strong differences, participating in structured puppy training itself played a significant protective role. The study also highlighted how sex and neuter status influence behavioral expression: male dogs showed lower odds of aggression and compulsive behaviors, while neutered dogs demonstrated increased risk of anxiety, escaping, and coprophagia.
The findings suggest that training engagement, rather than precise timing, is critical during pre-adolescence. The authors propose a more nuanced model of behavioral development, emphasizing that training exposure, acquisition age, biological factors, and hormonal status collectively influence long-term behavioral outcomes in dogs.
The authors conclude that promoting puppy training before six months of age can help reduce common behavioral risks, particularly aggression and compulsive tendencies. These insights provide valuable guidance for trainers, veterinarians, and dog owners seeking to improve behavioral welfare and prevent later problem behaviors.
Source: Dinwoodie, I. R., Zottola, V., & Dodman, N. (2021). An Investigation into the Impact of Pre-Adolescent Training on Canine Behavior. Animals. Published April 30, 2021.
